Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Conductive Hydrogel-based Neural-electronics Interfaces

SHAN Liang-jie; XUE Yu; NI Zhi-peng; LIU Ji

doi:10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2025.25.250

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Conductive Hydrogel-based Neural-electronics Interfaces

更新时间：2026-01-16

- Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Conductive Hydrogel-based Neural-electronics Interfaces
- Polymer Bulletin Vol. 39, Issue 1, Pages: 81-96(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  南方科技大学机械与能源工程系　深圳 518055
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2025.25.250
  CLC：
- Received：31 August 2025，
  
  Accepted：16 September 2025，
  
  Published Online：16 December 2025，
  
  Published：20 January 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
单良杰, 薛羽, 倪志鹏, 刘吉. 聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩):聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)导电水凝胶神经电子界面. 高分子通报, 2026, 39(1), 81–96.

Shan, L. J.; Xue, Y.; Ni, Z. P.; Liu, J. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) conductive hydrogel-based neural-electronics interfaces. Polym. Bull. (in Chinese), 2026, 39(1), 81–96.
单良杰, 薛羽, 倪志鹏, 刘吉. 聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩):聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)导电水凝胶神经电子界面. 高分子通报, 2026, 39(1), 81–96. DOI： 10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2025.25.250.

Shan, L. J.; Xue, Y.; Ni, Z. P.; Liu, J. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) conductive hydrogel-based neural-electronics interfaces. Polym. Bull. (in Chinese), 2026, 39(1), 81–96. DOI： 10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2025.25.250.

摘要

稳定高效的神经电子界面是实现高精度神经信号采集与功能调控的基础。然而，传统植入式电极与生物组织固有的力学和电学失配会导致电极错位、瘢痕组织形成和信号传输质量差等问题。导电聚合物水凝胶因其具有与组织匹配的模量、可调控的电化学性能和优异的生物相容性，成为理想的神经电子界面材料。本综述总结了近年来导电聚合物(如聚(3

4-乙烯二氧噻吩):聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)，PEDOT:PSS)水凝胶在神经电子界面领域的研究进展，系统阐述了高性能PEDOT:PSS水凝胶的设计与性能调控策略，以及相应生物电子器件的制造手段，重点介绍了其在神经信号记录与电刺激调控中的应用实例，并深入探讨了当前面临的关键挑战与未来的发展方向。

Abstract

Stable and efficient neural-electronic interfaces are crucial for achieving high-fidelity neural signal acquisition and functional modulation. However

the intrinsic mechanical and electrical mismatches between conventional neural electrodes and biological tissues can lead to electrode dislocation

scar formation

and inferior signal quality. Conductive polymer hydrogels

owing to their tissue-matched modulus

tunable electrical properties

and excellent biocompatibility

have emerged as one of the ideal materials to establish neural-electronic interfaces. This review summarizes recent advances in conductive polymer hydrogels

particularly poly(3

4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)

for neural-electronic interfaces

systematically elucidating the design and performance modulation strategies of high-performance PEDOT:PSS hydrogels

as well as fabrication approaches for the corresponding bioelectronic devices. Special emphasis is placed on their applications in neural signal recording and electrical stimulation modulation

followed by an in-depth discussion of the key challenges and future directions in this field of research.

关键词

Keywords

references

Huang, Y. ; Yao, K. M. ; Zhang, Q. ; Huang, X. C. ; Chen, Z. L. ; Zhou, Y. ; Yu, X. G . Bioelectronics for electrical stimulation: materials, devices and biomedical applications . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2024 , 53 ( 17 ), 8632 – 8712 .

Won, S. M. ; Song, E. M. ; Reeder, J. T. ; Rogers, J. A . Emerging modalities and implantable technologies for neuromodulation . Cell , 2020 , 181 ( 1 ), 115 – 135 .

Wyss-Coray, T . Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation . Nature , 2016 , 539 ( 7628 ), 180 – 186 .

Kim, T. ; Kim, H. J. ; Choi, W. ; Lee, Y. M. ; Pyo, J. H. ; Lee, J. ; Kim, J. ; Kim, J. ; Kim, J. H. ; Kim, C. ; Kim, W. J . Deep brain stimulation by blood-brain-barrier-crossing piezoelectric nanoparticles generating current and nitric oxide under focused ultrasound . Nat. Biomed. Eng. , 2023 , 7 ( 2 ), 149 – 163 .

Zhao, C. Z. ; Park, J. ; Root, S. E. ; Bao, Z. N . Skin-inspired soft bioelectronic materials, devices and systems . Nat. Rev. Bioeng. , 2024 , 2 ( 8 ), 671 – 690 .

Feiner, R. ; Dvir, T . Tissue-electronics interfaces: from implantable devices to engineered tissues . Nat. Rev. Mater. , 2018 , 3 , 17076 .

Sunwoo, S. H. ; Han, S. I. ; Joo, H. ; Cha, G. D. ; Kim, D. ; Choi, S. H. ; Hyeon, T. ; Kim, D. H . Advances in soft bioelectronics for brain research and clinical neuroengineering . Matter , 2020 , 3 ( 6 ), 1923 – 1947 .

Liu, X. Y. ; Liu, J. ; Lin, S. T. ; Zhao, X. H . Hydrogel machines . Mater. Today , 2020 , 36 , 102 – 124 .

Yuk, H. ; Lu, B. Y. ; Lin, S. ; Qu, K. ; Xu, J. K. ; Luo, J. H. ; Zhao, X. H . 3D printing of conducting polymers . Nat. Commun. , 2020 , 11 ( 1 ), 1604 .

Liu, Y. X. ; Li, J. X. ; Song, S. ; Kang, J. ; Tsao, Y. ; Chen, S. C. ; Mottini, V. ; McConnell, K. ; Xu, W. H. ; Zheng, Y. Q. ; Tok, J. B. ; George, P. M. ; Bao, Z. N . Morphing electronics enable neuromodulation in growing tissue . Nat. Biotechnol. , 2020 , 38 ( 9 ), 1031 – 1036 .

Salatino, J. W. ; Ludwig, K. A. ; Kozai, T. D. Y. ; Purcell, E. K . Glial responses to implanted electrodes in the brain . Nat. Biomed. Eng. , 2017 , 1 ( 11 ), 862 – 877 .

Yang, Y. ; Wen, P. ; Chen, X. M. ; Wang, Y. F. ; Zhu, S. L. ; Ni, Z. P. ; Yuan, L. F. ; Shan, L. J. ; Zhang, P. ; Shi, P. J. ; Huang, B. Y. ; Liu, W. W. ; Zhang, Y. W. ; Yu, Z. Y. ; Liu, J . Mechanically-compliant magnetoelectric sutures for wound management . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2025 , 35 ( 40 ), e71680 .

Song, K. I. ; Seo, H. ; Seong, D. ; Kim, S. ; Yu, K. J. ; Kim, Y. C. ; Kim, J. ; Kwon, S. J. ; Han, H. S. ; Youn, I. ; Lee, H. ; Son, D . Adaptive self-healing electronic epineurium for chronic bidirectional neural interfaces . Nat. Commun. , 2020 , 11 ( 1 ), 4195 .

Clancy, J. A. ; Mary, D. A. ; Witte, K. K. ; Greenwood, J. P. ; Deuchars, S. A. ; Deuchars, J . Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity . Brain Stimul. , 2014 , 7 ( 6 ), 871 – 877 .

Zhang, P. ; Yang, Y. F. ; Li, Z. B. ; Xue, Y. ; Wang, F. C. ; Shan, L. J. ; Wang, Y. F. ; Shi, X. T. ; Wu, K. ; Liu, J . Conducting hydrogel-based neural biointerfacing technologies . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2025 , 35 ( 25 ), 2570147 .

潘熙然 , 张志 , 雷霆 . 共轭高分子在脑机接口中的应用与展望 . 高分子学报 , 2025 , 56 ( 3 ), 377 – 395 .

王莉萍 , 王瑾晔 . 导电聚合物神经电极涂层进展 . 高分子通报 , 2019 , ( 1 ), 102 – 109 .

Matsuhisa, N. ; Chen, X. D. ; Bao, Z. N. ; Someya, T . Materials and structural designs of stretchable conductors . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2019 , 48 ( 11 ), 2946 – 2966 .

Someya, T. ; Bao, Z. N. ; Malliaras, G. G . The rise of plastic bioelectronics . Nature , 2016 , 540 ( 7633 ), 379 – 385 .

Rivnay, J. ; Inal, S. ; Collins, B. A. ; Sessolo, M. ; Stavrinidou, E. ; Strakosas, X. ; Tassone, C. ; Delongchamp, D. M. ; Malliaras, G. G . Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers . Nat. Commun. , 2016 , 7 , 11287 .

Kayser, L. V. ; Lipomi, D. J . Stretchable conductive polymers and composites based on PEDOT and PEDOT: PSS . Adv. Mater. , 2019 , 31 ( 10 ), 1806133 .

Chen, X. M. ; Feng, Y. H. ; Zhang, P. ; Ni, Z. P. ; Xue, Y. ; Liu, J . Hydrogel fibers-based biointerfacing . Adv. Mater. , 2025 , 37 ( 4 ), 2413476 .

Li, J. ; Mo, D. Z. ; Hu, J. Y. ; Wang, S. C. ; Gong, J. ; Huang, Y. J. ; Li, Z. ; Yuan, Z. ; Xu, M. Z . PEDOT: PSS-based bioelectronics for brain monitoring and modulation . Microsyst. Nanoeng. , 2025 , 11 ( 1 ), 87 .

卢亚楠 , 王国武 , 狄伶 , 王华杰 , 王瑾晔 . 导电聚合物的纳米结构及其在生物医学领域的应用 . 高分子通报 , 2012 , ( 1 ), 37 – 47 .

Xie, X. J. ; Xu, Z. G. ; Yu, X. ; Jiang, H. ; Li, H. J. ; Feng, W. Q . Liquid-in-liquid printing of 3D and mechanically tunable conductive hydrogels . Nat. Commun. , 2023 , 14 ( 1 ), 4289 .

Green, R. ; Abidian, M. R . Conducting polymers for neural prosthetic and neural interface applications . Adv. Mater. , 2015 , 27 ( 46 ), 7620 – 7637 .

Dong, L. ; Wang, M. X. ; Wu, J. J. ; Zhu, C. H. ; Shi, J. ; Morikawa, H . Stretchable, adhesive, self-healable, and conductive hydrogel-based deformable triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and human motion sensing . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2022 , 14 ( 7 ), 9126 – 9137 .

Chen, X. M. ; Zhang, J. ; Chen, G. D. ; Xue, Y. ; Zhang, J. J. ; Liang, X. Y. ; Lei, I. M. ; Lin, J. S. ; Xu, B. B. ; Liu, J . Hydrogel bioadhesives with extreme acid-tolerance for gastric perforation repairing . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2022 , 32 ( 29 ), 2202285 .

Lin, J. S. ; Chen, X. M. ; Zhang, P. ; Xue, Y. ; Feng, Y. H. ; Ni, Z. P. ; Tao, Y. ; Wang, Y. F. ; Liu, J . Wireless bioelectronics for in vivo pressure monitoring with mechanically-compliant hydrogel biointerfaces . Adv. Mater. , 2024 , 36 ( 26 ), 2400181 .

Shan, L. J. ; Xue, Y. ; Chen, X. M. ; Wang, Y. F. ; Feng, Y. H. ; Dong, L. ; Wang, C. ; Zhang, P. ; Wang, F. C. ; Guo, L. N. ; Liu, J . Mechanically compliant and impedance matching hydrogel bioelectronics for low-voltage peripheral neuromodulation . Adv. Mater. , 2025 , e11014 .

Zhang, J. J. ; Wang, L. L. ; Xue, Y. ; Lei, I. K. ; Zhang, P. ; Cai, C. C. ; Liang, X. Y. ; Lu, Y. ; Liu, J . Engineering electrodes with robust conducting hydrogel coating for neural recording and modulation . Adv. Mater. , 2023 , 35 ( 3 ): 2209324 .

Xue, Y. ; Chen, X. M. ; Wang, F. C. ; Lin, J. S. ; Liu, J . Mechanically-compliant bioelectronic interfaces through fatigue-resistant conducting polymer hydrogel coating . Adv. Mater. , 2023 , 35 ( 40 ), 2304095 .

Lee, J. ; Bark, H. ; Xue, Y. Z. ; Lee, P. S. ; Zhong, M. J . Size-selective ionic crosslinking provides stretchable mixed ionic-electronic conductors . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2023 , 62 ( 41 ), e202306994 .

Li, W. Z. ; Li, Y. M. ; Song, Z. Y. ; Wang, Y. X. ; Hu, W. P . PEDOT-based stretchable optoelectronic materials and devices for bioelectronic interfaces . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2024 , 53 ( 21 ), 10575 – 10603 .

Kim, J. ; Fan, J. X. ; Petrossian, G. ; Zhou, X. ; Kateb, P. ; Gagnon-Lafrenais, N. ; Cicoira, F . Self-healing, stretchable and recyclable polyurethane-PEDOT: PSS conductive blends . Mater. Horiz. , 2024 , 11 ( 15 ), 3548 – 3560 .

Ye, H. T. ; Wu, B. H. ; Sun, S. T. ; Wu, P. Y . Self-compliant ionic skin by leveraging hierarchical hydrogen bond association . Nat. Commun. , 2024 , 15 , 885 .

Cui, Y. J. ; Zhang, F. ; Chen, G. ; Yao, L. ; Zhang, N. ; Liu, Z. Y. ; Li, Q. S. ; Zhang, F. L. ; Cui, Z. Q. ; Zhang, K. Q. ; Li, P. ; Cheng, Y. ; Zhang, S. M. ; Chen, X. D . A stretchable and transparent electrode based on PEGylated silk fibroin for in vivo dual-modal neural-vascular activity probing . Adv. Mater. , 2021 , 33 ( 34 ), 2100221 .

He, H. ; Zhang, L. ; Guan, X. ; Cheng, H. L. ; Liu, X. X. ; Yu, S. Z. ; Wei, J. ; Ouyang, J. Y . Biocompatible conductive polymers with high conductivity and high stretchability . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2019 , 11 ( 29 ), 26185 – 26193 .

Jonsson, A. ; Song, Z. Y. ; Nilsson, D. ; Meyerson, B. A. ; Simon, D. T. ; Linderoth, B. ; Berggren, M . Therapy using implanted organic bioelectronics . Sci. Adv. , 2015 , 1 ( 4 ), e1500039 .

Zhang, P. ; Chen, G. D. ; Chen, X. M. ; Xing, J. F. ; Tao, Y. ; Liu, J . Hierarchical sponge-hydrogel hybrid structures with robust interfaces . Chin. J. Chem. , 2023 , 41 ( 20 ), 2635 – 2640 .

Rivnay, J. ; Owens, R. M. ; Malliaras, G. G . The rise of organic bioelectronics . Science , 2014 , 26 ( 1 ), 679 – 685 .

Lee, I. ; Kim, G. W. ; Yang, M. Y. ; Kim, T. S . Simultaneously enhancing the cohesion and electrical conductivity of PEDOT: PSS conductive polymer films using DMSO additives . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2016 , 8 ( 1 ), 302 – 310 .

Jiang, Y. W. ; Zhang, Z. T. ; Wang, Y. X. ; Li, D. L. ; Coen, C. T. ; Hwaun, E. ; Chen, G. ; Wu, H. C. ; Zhong, D. L. ; Niu, S. M. ; Wang, W. C. ; Saberi, A. ; Lai, J. C. ; Wu, Y. L. ; Wang, Y. ; Trotsyuk, A. A. ; Loh, K. Y. ; Shih, C. C. ; Xu, W. H. ; Liang, K. ; Zhang, K. L. ; Bai, Y. H. ; Gurusankar, G. ; Hu, W. P. ; Jia, W. ; Cheng, Z. ; Dauskardt, R. H. ; Gurtner, G. C. ; Tok, J. B. H. ; Deisseroth, K. ; Soltesz, I. ; Bao, Z. N . Topological supramolecular network enabled high-conductivity, stretchable organic bioelectronics . Science , 2022 , 375 ( 6587 ), 1411 – 1417 .

范武升 , 陈杰 , 吴瑞凯 , 郭存悦 , 陈光明 . PEDOT热电材料研究进展 . 高分子通报 , 2018 , ( 8 ), 14 – 17 .

Mohseni Taromsari, S. ; Salari, M. ; Shi, H. H. ; Habibpour, S. ; Saadatnia, Z. ; Tafreshi, O. A. ; Yu, A. P. ; Park, C. B. ; Naguib, H. E . PEDOT:PSS-facilitated directionally 3-D assembled MXene-based aerogel for high-performance chemoresistive sensing & breath analysis . Adv. Mater. , 2025 , 37 ( 6 ), 2406349 .

Chen, S. ; Liang, L. S. ; Zhang, Y. Q. ; Lin, K. W. ; Yang, M. N. ; Zhu, L. ; Yang, X. M. ; Zang, L. ; Lu, B. Y . PEDOT:PSS-based electronic materials: preparation, performance tuning, processing, applications, and future prospect . Prog. Polym. Sci. , 2025 , 166 , 101990 .

Son, D. ; Park, H. ; Lim, W. G. ; Baek, S. ; Kang, S. H. ; Lee, J. C. ; Maiyalagan, T. ; Lee, Y. G. ; Park, S. ; Lee, J . Ultrathin mixed ionic—electronic conducting interlayer via the solution shearing technique for high-performance lithium—sulfur batteries . ACS Nano , 2023 , 17 ( 24 ), 25507 – 25518 .

Wen, N. X. ; Zuo, X. Q. ; Zhou, J. J. ; Sun, C. ; Chen, C. ; Jiang, D. Y. ; Xu, H. ; Wang, W. ; Pan, L. J. ; Fan, Z . Boosting thermoelectric performance of wet-spun PEDOT:PSS-based organic/inorganic composite fibers via a dual-interfacial engineering approach . Small , 2025 , 21 ( 14 ), 2500866 .

Qu, J. ; Garabedian, N. ; Burris, D. L. ; Martin, D. C . Durability of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films on metallic substrates for bioelectronics and the dominant role of relative shear strength . J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. , 2019 , 100 , 103376 .

Feig, V. R. ; Tran, H. ; Lee, M. ; Bao, Z. N . Mechanically tunable conductive interpenetrating network hydrogels that mimic the elastic moduli of biological tissue . Nat. Commun. , 2018 , 9 ( 1 ), 2740 .

Wang, X. K. ; Chen, K. ; de Vasconcelos, L. S. ; He, J. Z. ; Shin, Y. C. ; Mei, J. G. ; Zhao, K. J . Mechanical breathing in organic electrochromics . Nat. Commun. , 2020 , 11 ( 1 ), 211 .

Won, D. ; Kim, J. ; Choi, J. ; Kim, H. ; Han, S. ; Ha, I. ; Bang, J. ; Kim, K. K. ; Lee, Y. ; Kim, T. S. ; Park, J. H. ; Kim, C. Y. ; Ko, S. H . Digital selective transformation and patterning of highly conductive hydrogel bioelectronics by laser-induced phase separation . Sci. Adv. , 2022 , 8 ( 23 ), eabo3209 .

Wang, F. C. ; Xue, Y. ; Chen, X. M. ; Zhang, P. ; Shan, L. J. ; Duan, Q. F. ; Xing, J. F. ; Lan, Y. ; Lu, B. Y. ; Liu, J . 3D printed implantable hydrogel bioelectronics for electrophysiological monitoring and electrical modulation . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2024 , 34 ( 21 ), 2314471 .

Khan, S. ; Lorenzelli, L. ; Dahiya, R. S . Technologies for printing sensors and electronics over large flexible substrates: a review . IEEE Sens. J. , 2015 , 15 ( 6 ), 3164 – 3185 .

Hou, S. Y. ; Chen, H. Q. ; Lv, D. ; Li, W. ; Liu, X. L. ; Zhang, Q. ; Yu, X. H. ; Han, Y. C . Highly conductive inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS film under cyclic stretching . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2023 , 15 ( 23 ), 28503 – 28515 .

Zhou, L. ; Yu, M. J. ; Chen, X. L. ; Nie, S. H. ; Lai, W. Y. ; Su, W. M. ; Cui, Z. ; Huang, W . Screen-printed poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) grids as ITO-free anodes for flexible organic light-emitting diodes . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2018 , 28 ( 11 ), 1705955 .

Feig, V. R. ; Tran, H. ; Lee, M. ; Liu, K. ; Huang, Z. J. ; Beker, L. ; Mackanic, D. G. ; Bao, Z. N . An electrochemical gelation method for patterning conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels . Adv. Mater. , 2019 , 31 ( 39 ), 1902869 .

Liu, Y. X. ; Liu, J. ; Chen, S. C. ; Lei, T. ; Kim, Y. ; Niu, S. M. ; Wang, H. L. ; Wang, X. ; Foudeh, A. M. ; Tok, J. B. ; Bao, Z. N . Soft and elastic hydrogel-based microelectronics for localized low-voltage neuromodulation . Nat. Biomed. Eng. , 2019 , 3 ( 1 ), 58 – 68 .

Sessolo, M. ; Khodagholy, D. ; Rivnay, J. ; Maddalena, F. ; Gleyzes, M. ; Steidl, E. ; Buisson, B. ; Malliaras, G. G . Easy-to-fabricate conducting polymer microelectrode arrays . Adv. Mater. , 2013 , 25 ( 15 ), 2135 – 2139 .

Won, D. ; Kim, H. ; Kim, J. ; Kim, H. ; Kim, M. W. ; Ahn, J. ; Min, K. ; Lee, Y. ; Hong, S. ; Choi, J. ; Kim, C. Y. ; Kim, T. S. ; Ko, S. H . Laser-induced wet stability and adhesion of pure conducting polymer hydrogels . Nat. Electron. , 2024 , 7 ( 6 ), 475 – 486 .

Miyakoshi, R. ; Hayashi, S. ; Terakawa, M . Direct patterning of conductive structures on hydrogels by laser-based graphitization for supercapacitor fabrication . Adv. Electron. Mater. , 2023 , 9 ( 5 ), 2201277 .

Shen, Z. Z. ; Liang, Q. D. ; Chang, Q. ; Liu, Y. ; Zhang, Q . Topological hydrogels for long-term brain signal monitoring, neuromodulation, and stroke treatment . Adv. Mater. , 2024 , 36 ( 7 ), 2310365 .

Chen, R. ; Canales, A. ; Anikeeva, P . Neural recording and modulation technologies . Nat. Rev. Mater. , 2017 , 2 , 16093 .

Canales, A. ; Jia, X. T. ; Froriep, U. P. ; Koppes, R. A. ; Tringides, C. M. ; Selvidge, J. ; Lu, C. ; Hou, C. ; Wei, L. ; Fink, Y. ; Anikeeva, P . Multifunctional fibers for simultaneous optical, electrical and chemical interrogation of neural circuits in vivo . Nat. Biotechnol. , 2015 , 33 ( 3 ), 277 – 284 .

Frank, J. A. ; Antonini, M. J. ; Anikeeva, P . Next-generation interfaces for studying neural function . Nat. Biotechnol. , 2019 , 37 ( 9 ), 1013 – 1023 .

Hong, G. S. ; Yang, X. ; Zhou, T. ; Lieber, C. M . Mesh electronics: a new paradigm for tissue-like brain probes . Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , 2018 , 50 , 33 – 41 .

Choi, H. ; Kim, Y. ; Kim, S. ; Jung, H. ; Lee, S. ; Kim, K. ; Han, H. S. ; Kim, J. Y. ; Shin, M. ; Son, D . Adhesive bioelectronics for sutureless epicardial interfacing . Nat. Electron. , 2023 , 6 ( 10 ), 779 – 789 .

Hou, J. F. ; Nayeem, M. O. G. ; Caplan, K. A. ; Ruesch, E. A. ; Caban-Murillo, A. ; Criado-Hidalgo, E. ; Ornellas, S. B. ; Williams, B. ; Pearce, A. A. ; Dagdeviren, H. E. ; Surets, M. ; White, J. A. ; Shapiro, M. G. ; Wang, F. ; Ramirez, S. ; Dagdeviren, C . An implantable piezoelectric ultrasound stimulator (ImPULS) for deep brain activation . Nat. Commun. , 2024 , 15 , 4601 .

Lacour, S. P. ; Courtine, G. ; Guck, J . Materials and technologies for soft implantable neuroprostheses . Nat. Rev. Mater. , 2016 , 1 , 16063 .

Lee, M. ; Shim, H. J. ; Choi, C. ; Kim, D. H . Soft high-resolution neural interfacing probes: materials and design approaches . Nano Lett. , 2019 , 19 ( 5 ), 2741 – 2749 .

Zhang, Z. L. ; Chen, G. D. ; Xue, Y. ; Duan, Q. F. ; Liang, X. Y. ; Lin, T. ; Wu, Z. X. ; Tan, Y. ; Zhao, Q. ; Zheng, W. Q. ; Wang, L. N. ; Wang, F. C. ; Luo, X. Y. ; Xu, J. K. ; Liu, J. ; Lu, B. Y . Fatigue-resistant conducting polymer hydrogels as strain sensor for underwater robotics . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2023 , 33 ( 42 ), 2305705 .

Donahue, M. J. ; Sanchez-Sanchez, A. ; Inal, S. ; Qu, J. ; Owens, R. M. ; Mecerreyes, D. ; Malliaras, G. G. ; Martin, D. C . Tailoring PEDOT properties for applications in bioelectronics . Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. , 2020 , 140 , 100546 .

Yang, M. ; Yang, T. T. ; Deng, H. J. ; Wang, J. J. ; Ning, S. ; Li, X. ; Ren, X. N. ; Su, Y. M. ; Zang, J. F. ; Li, X. J. ; Luo, Z. Q . Poly(5-nitroindole) thin film as conductive and adhesive interfacial layer for robust neural interface . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2021 , 31 ( 49 ), 2105857 .

Tan, P. ; Wang, H. F. ; Xiao, F. R. ; Lu, X. ; Shang, W. H. ; Deng, X. B. ; Song, H. F. ; Xu, Z. Y. ; Cao, J. F. ; Gan, T. S. ; Wang, B. ; Zhou, X. C . Solution-processable, soft, self-adhesive, and conductive polymer composites for soft electronics . Nat. Commun. , 2022 , 13 ( 1 ), 358 .

Chen, N. ; Luo, B. W. ; Patil, A. C. ; Wang, J. H. ; Gammad, G. G. L. ; Yi, Z. G. ; Liu, X. G. ; Yen, S. C. ; Ramakrishna, S. ; Thakor, N. V . Nanotunnels within poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-carbon nanotube composite for highly sensitive neural interfacing . ACS Nano , 2020 , 14 ( 7 ), 8059 – 8073 .

Zheng, Y. X. ; Ju, Y. X. ; Liu, Y. ; Yang, F . Piezoelectric nanoparticle-based ultrasound wireless piezoelectric neuromodulation inhibits epileptiform activity of primary neurons . ACS Appl. Bio Mater. , 2024 , 7 ( 12 ), 8543 – 8551 .

Feng, Y. H. ; Shan, L. J. ; Wang, Y. F. ; Chen, X. M. ; Wang, C. ; Liu, J . Conductive hydrogels with topographical geometry and mechanical robustness for enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration . ACS Nano , 2025 , 19 ( 17 ), 16675 – 16684 .

Yang, M. ; Chen, P. ; Qu, X. Y. ; Zhang, F. C. ; Ning, S. ; Ma, L. ; Yang, K. ; Su, Y. M. ; Zang, J. F. ; Jiang, W. ; Yu, T. ; Dong, X. C. ; Luo, Z. Q . Robust neural interfaces with photopatternable, bioadhesive, and highly conductive hydrogels for stable chronic neuromodulation . ACS Nano , 2023 , 17 ( 2 ), 885 – 895 .

Liu, X. Y. ; Rao, S. Y. ; Chen, W. X. ; Felix, K. ; Ni, J. H. ; Sahasrabudhe, A. ; Lin, S. T. ; Wang, Q. B. ; Liu, Y. Y. ; He, Z. G. ; Xu, J. Y. ; Huang, S. Z. ; Hong, E. ; Yau, T. ; Anikeeva, P. ; Zhao, X. H . Fatigue-resistant hydrogel optical fibers enable peripheral nerve optogenetics during locomotion . Nat. Methods , 2023 , 20 ( 11 ), 1802 – 1809 .

Freedman, B. R. ; Kuttler, A. ; Beckmann, N. ; Nam, S. ; Kent, D. ; Schuleit, M. ; Ramazani, F. ; Accart, N. ; Rock, A. ; Li, J. Y. ; Kurz, M. ; Fisch, A. ; Ullrich, T. ; Hast, M. W. ; Tinguely, Y. ; Weber, E. ; Mooney, D. J . Enhanced tendon healing by a tough hydrogel with an adhesive side and high drug-loading capacity . Nat. Biomed. Eng. , 2022 , 6 ( 10 ), 1167 – 1179 .

Zhou, W. X. ; Rahman, M. S. U. ; Sun, C. M. ; Li, S. L. ; Zhang, N. Z. ; Chen, H. ; Han, C. C. ; Xu, S. S. ; Liu, Y . Perspectives on the novel multifunctional nerve guidance conduits: from specific regenerative procedures to motor function rebuilding . Adv. Mater. , 2024 , 36 ( 14 ), 2307805 .

Shen, J. J. ; Sun, Y. ; Liu, X. Z. ; Chai, Y. M. ; Wang, C. Y. ; Xu, J . Nerve regeneration potential of antioxidant-modified black phosphorus quantum dots in peripheral nerve injury . ACS Nano , 2024 , 18 ( 34 ), 23518 – 23536 .

Kang, X. C. ; Li, X. J. ; Liu, C. ; Cai, M. ; Guan, P. F. ; Luo, Y. A. ; Guan, Y. J. ; Tian, Y. ; Ren, K. Y. ; Ning, C. Y. ; Fan, L. ; Tan, G. X. ; Zhou, L . A shape-persistent plasticine-like conductive hydrogel with self-healing properties for peripheral nerve regeneration . J. Mater. Sci. Technol. , 2023 , 142 , 134 – 143 .

Singh, V. K. ; Haq, A. ; Tiwari, M. ; Saxena, A. K . Approach to management of nerve gaps in peripheral nerve injuries . Injury , 2022 , 53 ( 4 ), 1308 – 1318 .

Cho, Y. H. ; Park, Y. G. ; Kim, S. ; Park, J. U . 3D electrodes for bioelectronics . Adv. Mater. , 2021 , 33 ( 47 ), 2170374 .

Yu, M. ; Wang, C. X. ; Cui, H. Q. ; Huang, J. P. ; Yu, Q. ; Wang, P. ; Huang, C. ; Li, G. L. ; Zhao, Y. ; Du, X. M. ; Liu, Z. Y . Self-closing stretchable cuff electrodes for peripheral nerve stimulation and electromyographic signal recording . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2023 , 15 ( 6 ), 7663 – 7672 .

Zhang, M. ; An, H. ; Gu, Z. ; Huang, Z. ; Zhang, F. S. ; Jiang, B. G. ; Wen, Y. Q. ; Zhang, P. X . Mimosa-inspired stimuli-responsive curling bioadhesive tape promotes peripheral nerve regeneration . Adv. Mater. , 2023 , 35 ( 32 ), 2212015 .

Tan, Z. ; Xiao, L. Y. ; Ma, J. W. ; Shi, K. X. ; Liu, J. L. ; Feng, F. ; Xie, P. F. ; Dai, Y. ; Yuan, Q. J. ; Wu, W. T. ; Rong, L. M. ; He, L. M . Integrating hydrogels manipulate ECM deposition after spinal cord injury for specific neural reconnections via neuronal relays . Sci. Adv. , 2024 , 10 ( 27 ), eado9120 .

Woodington, B. J. ; Lei, J. ; Carnicer-Lombarte, A. ; Güemes-González, A. ; Naegele, T. E. ; Hilton, S. ; El-Hadwe, S. ; Trivedi, R. A. ; Malliaras, G. G. ; Barone, D. G . Flexible circumferential bioelectronics to enable 360-degree recording and stimulation of the spinal cord . Sci. Adv. , 2024 , 10 ( 19 ), eadl1230 .

Luo, J. J. ; Billep, D. ; Waechtler, T. ; Otto, T. ; Toader, M. ; Gordan, O. ; Sheremet, E. ; Martin, J. ; Hietschold, M. ; Zahn, D. R. T. ; Gessner, T . Enhancement of the thermoelectric properties of PEDOT:PSS thin films by post-treatment . J. Mater. Chem. A , 2013 , 1 ( 26 ), 7576 – 7583 .

Capogrosso, M. ; Milekovic, T. ; Borton, D. ; Wagner, F. ; Moraud, E. M. ; Mignardot, J. B. ; Buse, N. ; Gandar, J. ; Barraud, Q. ; Xing, D. ; Rey, E. ; Duis, S. ; Yang, J. Z. ; Ko, W. K. D. ; Qin, L. ; Detemple, P. ; Denison, T. ; Micera, S. ; Bezard, E. ; Bloch, J. ; Courtine, G . A brain-spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates . Nature , 2016 , 539 ( 7628 ), 284 – 288 .

Formento, E. ; Minassian, K. ; Wagner, F. ; Mignardot, J. B. ; Le Goff-Mignardot, C. G. ; Rowald, A. ; Bloch, J. ; Micera, S. ; Capogrosso, M. ; Courtine, G . Electrical spinal cord stimulation must preserve proprioception to enable locomotion in humans with spinal cord injury . Nat. Neurosci. , 2018 , 21 ( 12 ), 1728 – 1741 .

Du, H. Y. ; Lv, H. ; Xu, Z. R. ; Zhao, S. M. ; Huang, T. W. ; Manyande, A. ; Xiong, S. B . The mechanism for improving the flesh quality of grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idella) following the micro-flowing water treatment using a UPLC-QTOF/MS based metabolomics method . Food Chem. , 2020 , 327 , 126777 .

McEwan, S. ; Kwon, H. ; Tahiri, A. ; Shanmugarajah, N. ; Cai, W. K. ; Ke, J. ; Huang, T. W. ; Belton, A. ; Singh, B. ; Wang, L. ; Pang, Z. P. ; Dirice, E. ; Engel, E. A. ; El Ouaamari, A . Deconstructing the origins of sexual dimorphism in sensory modulation of pancreatic β cells . Mol. Metab. , 2021 , 53 , 101260 .

Huang, T. W. ; Lin, S. H. ; Malewicz, N. M. ; Zhang, Y. ; Zhang, Y. ; Goulding, M. ; LaMotte, R. H. ; Ma, Q. F . Identifying the pathways required for coping behaviours associated with sustained pain . Nature , 2019 , 565 ( 7737 ), 86 – 90 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Advances in Strong and Tough Gelatin Hydrogels

Recent Progress in the Design of Tough Polyzwitterionic Hydrogels

Recent Progress in the Design of Tough Hydrogels with Physical Associations and Their Viscoelastic Behaviors

Research Progress of Stimulus-responsive Hydrogels in Cancer Treatment

Related Author

LIN Qiu-ning

BAO Bing-kun

CHEN Ting

REN Chun-ling

XU Chen

LIU Bing-jie

TANG Yue-man

ZHENG Si-yu

Related Institution

School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology

Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University

Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng University

Liaocheng Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital

⁰