Research Progress on Hydrogel-based Biosensing Devices

ZHANG Hui-min; SUN Yu-ying; ZHANG Hao; LIU Jin-hui; LIU Kai; HUA Jing

doi:10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2026.26.092

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Research Progress on Hydrogel-based Biosensing Devices

更新时间：2026-07-27

- Research Progress on Hydrogel-based Biosensing Devices
- Polymer Bulletin Vol. 39, Issue 8, Pages: 1318-1330(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  青岛科技大学高分子科学与工程学院　青岛 266042
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2026.26.092
  CLC：
- Received：27 February 2026，
  
  Accepted：23 April 2026，
  
  Online First：10 July 2026，
  
  Published：20 August 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
张慧敏, 孙玉莹, 张浩, 刘金慧, 刘凯, 华静. 水凝胶在生物传感设备中的研究进展. 高分子通报, 2026, 39(8), 1318–1330.

Zhang, H. M.; Sun, Y. Y.; Zhang, H.; Liu, J. H.; Liu, K.; Hua, J. Research progress on hydrogel-based biosensing devices. Polym. Bull. (in Chinese), 2026, 39(8), 1318–1330.
张慧敏, 孙玉莹, 张浩, 刘金慧, 刘凯, 华静. 水凝胶在生物传感设备中的研究进展. 高分子通报, 2026, 39(8), 1318–1330. DOI： 10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2026.26.092.

Zhang, H. M.; Sun, Y. Y.; Zhang, H.; Liu, J. H.; Liu, K.; Hua, J. Research progress on hydrogel-based biosensing devices. Polym. Bull. (in Chinese), 2026, 39(8), 1318–1330. DOI： 10.14028/j.cnki.1003-3726.2026.26.092.

摘要

随着柔性电子技术的快速发展，具有便携、轻质、高贴合性的生物传感设备在健康监测、人机交互等领域受到广泛关注。然而，传统电子器件与生物组织之间存在明显的力学失配，且生物相容性不足，限制了其在实际生理环境中的稳定应用。水凝胶因兼具高水含量、可调力学性能和优异的生物相容性，为突破上述瓶颈提供了重要的材料基础，其中导电水凝胶已成为柔性生物传感器件的核心材料体系。本文系统总结了这类水凝胶在生物传感器件中的研究进展，介绍了电子导电与离子导电水凝胶的结构设计与功能化策略，及其在运动检测、医疗诊断和电子皮肤中的典型应用。最后，针对现阶段材料稳定性、复杂生理环境中的信号可靠性及规模化制备等方面存在的问题，对该领域的未来发展方向进行了分析与展望。

Abstract

Flexible biosensing devices have attracted considerable interest in health monitoring and human-machine interaction because of their portability

lightweight design

and skin-conformable nature. However

the mechanical mismatch and biocompatibility limitations of conventional electronic materials remain critical barriers to their stable operation in physiological environments. Hydrogels

which combine high water content

tunable mechanical properties

and excellent biocompatibility

offer a promising material platform for addressing these challenges. Conductive hydrogels have emerged as a representative material system for flexible biosensing devices. This review summarizes recent advances in hydrogel-based flexible biosensing devices

covering the structural design and functionalization strategies of electronically and ionically conductive hydrogels and their applications in motion detection

medical diagnostics

and electronic skin applications. Finally

we identify the current challenges related to long-term material stability

signal reliability in complex biological environments

and scalable fabrication

and outline promising directions for future research.

关键词

Keywords

references

Economou, A. ; Kokkinos, C. ; Prodromidis, M . Flexible plastic, paper and textile lab-on-a chip platforms for electrochemical biosensing . Lab Chip , 2018 , 18 ( 13 ), 1812 – 1830 .

Yang, R. X. ; Chen, X. Y. ; Zheng, Y. ; Chen, K. Q. ; Zeng, W. S. ; Wu, X . Recent advances in the 3D printing of electrically conductive hydrogels for flexible electronics . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2022 , 10 ( 14 ), 5380 – 5399 .

陈蕤 , 常晓华 , 韩媛媛 , 赵桂艳 , 朱雨田 . 水凝胶基柔性应变传感材料设计及研究进展 . 高分子通报 , 2025 , 38 ( 8 ), 1193 – 1208 .

Lou, Z. ; Chen, S. ; Wang, L. L. ; Jiang, K. ; Shen, G. Z . An ultra-sensitive and rapid response speed graphene pressure sensors for electronic skin and health monitoring . Nano Energy , 2016 , 23 , 7 – 14 .

Li, X. Y. ; Liang, R. R. ; Tao, J. ; Peng, Z. C. ; Xu, Q. M. ; Han, X. ; Wang, X. D. ; Wang, C. F. ; Zhu, J. ; Pan, C. F. ; Wang, Z. L . Flexible light emission diode arrays made of transferred Si microwires-ZnO nanofilm with piezo-phototronic effect enhanced lighting . ACS Nano , 2017 , 11 ( 4 ), 3883 – 3889 .

Oh, J. Y. ; Kim, S. ; Baik, H. K. ; Jeong, U . Conducting polymer dough for deformable electronics . Adv. Mater. , 2016 , 28 ( 22 ), 4455 – 4461 .

马萁 , 李维政 , 严锋 . 高强韧水凝胶纤维研究进展 . 高分子通报 , 2026 , 39 ( 1 ), 153 – 177 .

田增辉 . 聚乙烯醇基导电水凝胶的制备及其在柔性传感器中的应用研究 . 太原理工大学硕士学位论文, 2025 .

Yuk, H. ; Lu, B. Y. ; Zhao, X. H . Hydrogel bioelectronics . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2019 , 48 ( 6 ), 1642 – 1667 .

Zhao, F. ; Shi, Y. ; Pan, L. J. ; Yu, G. H . Multifunctional nanostructured conductive polymer gels: Synthesis, properties, and applications . Acc. Chem. Res. , 2017 , 50 ( 7 ), 1734 – 1743 .

Ji, C. X. ; Wang, Y. T. ; Qi, Q. R. ; Li, Y. J. ; Cao, L. Z . Electrically conductive hydrogels for flexible wearable devices: materials, design, and applications . Adv. Mater. Technol. , 2025 , 10 ( 21 ), e01044 .

Wang, Z. W. ; Cong, Y. ; Fu, J . Stretchable and tough conductive hydrogels for flexible pressure and strain sensors . J. Mater. Chem. B , 2020 , 8 ( 16 ), 3437 – 3459 .

Zhang, X. Y. ; Chen, X. ; Ye, Z. H. ; Liu, W. T. ; Liu, X. Y. ; Wang, X. H . Conductive hydrogels for bioelectronics: molecular structures, design principles, and operation mechanisms . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2023 , 11 ( 32 ), 10785 – 10808 .

章炜 , 夏欢 , 陈鹏宇 , 曹昕 , 张涵凝 , 谢谦 , 易承杰 , 徐刚 . 电子导电水凝胶电极在柔性储能系统中的应用研究进展 . 高分子学报 , 2024 , 55 ( 3 ), 255 – 274 .

Wu, M. ; Chen, J. S. ; Ma, Y. H. ; Yan, B. ; Pan, M. F. ; Peng, Q. Y. ; Wang, W. D. ; Han, L. B. ; Liu, J. F. ; Zeng, H. B . Ultra elastic, stretchable, self-healing conductive hydrogels with tunable optical properties for highly sensitive soft electronic sensors . J. Mater. Chem. A , 2020 , 8 ( 46 ), 24718 – 24733 .

Chen, S. S. ; Qiu, W. C. ; Li, G. L. ; Yang, W. J. ; Chen, M. ; Sun, G. X. ; He, X. ; Fu, J. ; Xin, Y . Robust, durable and anti-swelling silver-nanoparticles-integrated hydrogel achieved by one-pot reduction and polymerization strategy for underwater sensing . Eur. Polym. J. , 2025 , 223 , 113640 .

Chen, Y. L. ; Estevez, D. ; Zhu, Z. H. ; Wang, Y. F. ; Mai, Y. W. ; Qin, F. X . Multifunctional conductive hydrogel composites with nickel nanowires and liquid metal conductive highways . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2024 , 16 ( 22 ), 29267 – 29281 .

Ren, J. ; Zhang, A. X. ; Zhang, L. ; Li, Y. ; Yang, W . Electrically conductive and mechanically tough graphene nanocomposite hydrogels with self-oscillating performance . Polym. Int. , 2019 , 68 ( 6 ), 1146 – 1154 .

Xia, Q. S. ; Zhang, Z. C. ; Liu, Y. J. ; Leng, J. S . Self-assembly of cross-linked carbon nanotube films for improvement on mechanical properties and conductivity . Mater. Lett. , 2018 , 231 , 190 – 193 .

Ren, J. ; Wang, Y. B. ; Liu, Z. H. ; Liu, K. ; Xiang, X . Balancing stretchability and conductivity: carbon nanotube layer-enhanced non-ionic conductive hydrogels with a sandwich structure . Chem. Eng. J. , 2024 , 500 , 156641 .

Shu, L. ; Zhang, X. F. ; Liu, H. ; Li, M. J. ; Ma, J. L. ; Yao, J. F . Dual-conductive hydrogels via graphene oxide-cellulose molecular engineering for high-performance bioelectronics . ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. , 2025 , 7 ( 17 ), 11373 – 11384 .

Han, L. ; Yan, L. W. ; Wang, M. H. ; Wang, K. F. ; Fang, L. M. ; Zhou, J. ; Fang, J. ; Ren, F. Z. ; Lu, X . Transparent, adhesive, and conductive hydrogel for soft bioelectronics based on light-transmitting polydopamine-doped polypyrrole nanofibrils . Chem. Mater. , 2018 , 30 ( 16 ), 5561 – 5572 .

Zhao, J. ; Zhu, H. Y. ; Bai, H. Y. ; Dong, W. F . Tough ion-electron conductive hydrogels with multi-crosslinked network for strain sensors . Polymer , 2025 , 319 , 128060 .

王世运 , 宋信莉 , 蔡艳丽 , 王群 , 吴静澜 , 高远 . 离子导电水凝胶的制备及在生物医疗中的研究 . 现代化工 , 2025 , 45 ( S2 ), 34 – 38 .

Wen, J. ; Tang, J. ; Ning, H. M. ; Hu, N. ; Zhu, Y. Y. ; Gong, Y. K. ; Xu, C. H. ; Zhao, Q. N. ; Jiang, X. P. ; Hu, X. L. ; Lei, L. ; Wu, D. ; Huang, T . Multifunctional ionic skin with sensing, UV-filtering, water-retaining, and anti-freezing capabilities . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2021 , 31 ( 21 ), 2011176 .

Pan, X. Y. ; Zhu, H. Y. ; Qin, F. F. ; Jing, M. X. ; Wu, H. ; Sun, Z. Z . Flexible strain sensor based on PVA/tannic acid/lithium chloride ionically conductive hydrogel with excellent sensing and good adhesive properties . Sensors , 2025 , 25 ( 15 ), 4765 .

Miao, H. Y. ; Liu, Y. Y. ; Zheng, C. Y. ; Huang, X. J. ; Song, Y. D. ; Tong, L. L. ; Dong, C. W. ; Fu, X. B. ; Huang, H. L. ; Ge, M. ; Liu, H. T. ; Qian, Y . A flexible, antifreezing, and lon g-term stable cellulose ionic conductive hydrogel via one-step preparation for flexible electronic sensors . Carbohydr. Polym. , 2025 , 351 , 122936 .

Lei, Z. Y. ; Wu, P. Y . Zwitterionic skins with a wide scope of customizable functionalities . ACS Nano , 2018 , 12 ( 12 ), 12860 – 12868 .

Li, X. T. ; Zhang, S. Q. ; Li, X. N. ; Lu, L. ; Cui, B. ; Yuan, C. ; Guo, L. ; Yu, B. ; Chai, Q. Q . Starch/polyvinyl alcohol with ionic liquid/graphene oxide enabled highly tough, conductive and freezing-resistance hydrogels for multimodal wearable sensors . Carbohydr. Polym. , 2023 , 320 , 121262 .

Gong, Y. ; Cheng, Y. Z. ; Hu, Y. C . Preparation of polymer conductive hydrogel and its application in flexible wearable electronic devices . Prog. Chem. , 2022 , 34 ( 3 ), 616 – 629 .

Liu, C. L. ; Xu, Z. Y. ; Chandrasekaran, S. ; Liu, Y. P. ; Wu, M. Y . Self-healing, antibacterial, and conductive double network hydrogel for strain sensors . Carbohydr. Polym. , 2023 , 303 , 120468 .

Li, G. ; Huang, K. X. ; Deng, J. ; Guo, M. X. ; Cai, M. K. ; Zhang, Y. ; Guo, C. F . Highly conducting and stretchable double-network hydrogel for soft bioelectronics . Adv. Mater. , 2022 , 34 ( 15 ), 2200261 .

Shao, Z. A. ; Hu, X. M. ; Cheng, W. M. ; Zhao, Y. Y. ; Hou, J. Y. ; Wu, M. Y. ; Xue, D. ; Wang, Y. H . Degradable self-adhesive epidermal sensors prepared from conductive nanocomposite hydrogel . Nanoscale , 2020 , 12 ( 36 ), 18771 – 18781 .

Wang, Y. Q. ; Chen, P. C. ; Ding, Y. ; Zhu, P. H. ; Liu, Y. T. ; Wang, C. X. ; Gao, C. H . Multifunctional nano-conductive hydrogels with high mechanical strength, toughness and fatigue resistance as self-powered wearable sensors and deep learning-assisted recognition system . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2024 , 34 ( 49 ), 2409081 .

Zhang, X. H. ; Wang, Y. Q. ; Wu, X. G. ; Zhu, F. B. ; Qin, Y. X. ; Chen, W. Y. ; Zheng, Q . A universal post-treatment strategy for biomimetic composite hydrogel with anisotropic topological structure and wide range of adjustable mechanical properties . Biomater. Adv. , 2022 , 133 , 112654 .

Jiang, Y. ; Zhan, D. Z. ; Zhang, M. ; Zhu, Y. ; Zhong, H. Q. ; Wu, Y. F. ; Tan, Q. W. ; Dong, X. H. ; Zhang, D. H. ; Hadjichristidis, N . Strong and ultra-tough ionic hydrogel based on hyperbranched macro-cross-linker: influence of topological structure on properties . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2023 , 62 ( 42 ), e202310832 .

Chen, H. M. ; Chen, X. Y. ; Rong, C. ; Ma, X. N. ; Zhang, B. W. ; Xuan, F. Z . Layered structured MXene/PVA conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties for flexible strain and temperature sensing . Small , 2025 , 21 ( 39 ), e06824 .

Zhang, Y. ; Liu, L. X. ; Yin, S. X. ; Zhou, C. ; Ding, Y. ; Che, G. J. ; Zhao, C. Q . Underwater high strength and tough polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid hydrogel . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2025 , 35 ( 39 ), 2503023 .

Liao, H. ; Guo, X. L. ; Wan, P. B. ; Yu, G. H . Conductive MXene nanocomposite organohydrogel for flexible, healable, low-temperature tolerant strain sensors . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2019 , 29 ( 39 ), 1904507 .

Wang, H. J. ; Chu, Y. Z. ; Chen, C. K. ; Liao, Y. S. ; Yeh, M. Y . Preparation of conductive self-healing hydrogels via an interpenetrating polymer network method . RSC Adv. , 2021 , 11 ( 12 ), 6620 – 6627 .

Yuk, H. ; Zhang, T. ; Lin, S. T. ; Parada, G. A. ; Zhao, X. H . Tough bonding of hydrogels to diverse non-porous surfaces . Nat. Mater. , 2016 , 15 ( 2 ), 190 – 196 .

Li, M. X. ; Cheng, J. ; Hu, Y. Y. ; You, L. J. ; Xiong, C. H. ; Wang, S. Y . Gelatin-based conductive hydrogel wearable sensor with breathability and adhesion . ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. , 2025 , 7 ( 22 ), 15493 – 15506 .

Lin, J. H. ; Chen, M. Y. ; Zhao, W. ; Zhang, S. Y. ; Liu, J. L. ; Zhou, Y. ; Jiang, L. ; Zhang, J. T . Lignin-mediated dual conductive hydrogels with high conductivity, antibacterial activity and biocompatibility for chronic wound repair . Gels , 2025 , 11 ( 4 ), 283 .

刘海燕 , 张雨萱 , 陈钰倩 , 曹峥 , 王东 , 吴盾 , 成骏峰 , 陶国良 , 刘春林 . 聚丙烯酰胺/聚乙烯醇基导电水凝胶的制备及传感应用 . 功能高分子学报 , 2026 , 39 ( 2 ), 177 – 186 .

Peng, Y. J. ; Pi, M. H. ; Zhang, X. L. ; Yan, B. ; Li, Y. S. ; Shi, L. Y. ; Ran, R . High strength, antifreeze, and moisturizing conductive hydrogel for human‐motion detection . Polymer , 2020 , 196 , 122469 .

Zhao, K. ; Zhao, Y. B. ; Xu, J. ; Qian, R. ; Yu, Z. M. ; Ye, C. Q . Stretchable, adhesive and self-healing conductive hydrogels based on PEDOT: PSS-stabilized liquid metals for human motion detection . Chem. Eng. J. , 2024 , 494 , 152971 .

Zheng, M. Q. ; Li, L. Q. ; Ye, X. Y. ; Ji, Z. C. ; Wang, Y. L. ; Wang, Z. L. ; Lin, S. H. ; Wang, M. Z. ; Yan, W. Q. ; Yang, J. W. ; Zhou, P. C. ; Zhang, Y. J. ; Niu, R. Z. ; Haick, H. ; Wang, Y . Skin-printable, anti-freezing, and recyclable ionic hydrogel bioelectrode for continuous electrophysiological monitoring . Chem. Eng. J. , 2025 , 512 , 162451 .

Wei, M. ; Wang, H. H. ; Chen, C. X. ; Fei, G. Q. ; Yang, D. ; Li, K. ; Wang, M. X. ; Yang, X. ; Li, N. ; Song, L. ; Yang, M. F. ; Wang, Z. G . Conductive, adhesive, and biocompatible hydrogel sensor based on zwitterionic for effective wound healing and monitoring . Chem. Eng. J. , 2025 , 506 , 160235 .

Yuan, Y. Q. ; Zhang, Y. L. ; Duan, H. Y. ; Zhang, Y. T. ; Lu, L. J. ; Emel’yanov, A. ; Pozdnyakov, A. S. ; Zhu, P. C. ; Mao, Y. C . Recent advances in conductive composite hydrogels for electronic skin applications . Gels , 2025 , 11 ( 10 ), 822 .

Chen, A. B. ; Zhang, J. Y. ; Zhu, J. D. ; Yan, Z. ; Wu, Q. R. ; Han, S. J. ; Huang, J. R. ; Guan, L. H . Self-adhesive electronic skin for ultra-sensitive healthcare monitoring . J. Mater. Chem. A , 2023 , 11 ( 10 ), 4977 – 4986 .

Liu, C. Y. ; Zhao, Q. Y. ; Cao, Y. C. ; Li, X. H. ; Peng, K. X. ; Fu, F. F . Bioinspired structural color hydrogel skin from nonclose-packed colloidal crystal arrays for epidermal sensing . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2025 , 17 ( 11 ), 16658 – 16667 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Applications of Thermosensitive PNIPAM Microgels in Biomedical Field

Advances in Strong and Tough Gelatin Hydrogels

Poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Conductive Hydrogel-based Neural-electronics Interfaces

Recent Progress in the Design of Tough Polyzwitterionic Hydrogels

Green Preparation and Properties of Polyacrylamide-grafted Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals in an Aqueous Non-strong Acid System

Related Author

Yong-jun ZHANG

Ying GUAN

Qiao-fang LUO

Peng-xiao LIU

Tian-tian GAN

Dong-dong WANG

Shu-ying XING

Wang LIAO

Related Institution

Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University

School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology

College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology

School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University

⁰