Chen, X. ; Wang, Y. D. ; Zhang, L . Recent progress in the chemical upcycling of plastic wastes . ChemSusChem , 2021 , 14 ( 19 ), 4137 – 4151 .

Vidal, F. ; van der Marel, E. R. ; Kerr, R. W. F. ; McElroy, C. ; Schroeder, N. ; Mitchell, C. ; Rosetto, G. ; Chen, T. T. D. ; Bailey, R. M. ; Hepburn, C. ; Redgwell, C. ; Williams, C. K . Designing a circular carbon and plastics economy for a sustainable future . Nature , 2024 , 626 ( 7997 ), 45 – 57 .

Yuan, J. C. ; Wang, W. J. ; Sun, W. X. ; Yang, Z. R. ; Cao, Y. Q. ; Chen, W. Y. ; Ge, X. H. ; Qian, G. ; Feng, X. ; Duan, X. Z. ; Zhou, X. G. ; van Geem, K. M. ; Zhang, J . Poisoning effect of polyvinyl chloride on the catalytic pyrolysis of mixed plastics over zeolites . Sci. China Chem. , 2024 , 67 ( 7 ), 2265 – 2273 .

OECD . Global plastics outlook: economic drivers, environmental impacts and policy options . Paris : OECD Publishing , 2022 . DOI: 10.1787/de747aef-en https://doi.org/10.1787/de747aef-en .

Stegmann, P. ; Daioglou, V. ; Londo, M. ; van Vuuren, D. P. ; Junginger, M . Plastic futures and their CO 2 emissions . Nature , 2022 , 612 ( 7939 ), 272 – 276 .

郑强 . 塑料与“白色污染”刍议 . 高分子通报 , 2022 , ( 4 ), 1 – 10 .

李湘 , 许剑宝 . 废旧塑料的分离提纯工艺: 医疗非违禁、PET瓶及地膜类 . 高分子通报 , 2022 , ( 9 ), 27 – 31 .

Zubar, V. ; Lebedev, Y. ; Azofra, L. M. ; Cavallo, L. ; El-Sepelgy, O. ; Rueping, M . Hydrogenation of CO 2 -derived carbonates and polycarbonates to methanol and diols by metal–ligand cooperative manganese catalysis . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2018 , 57 ( 41 ), 13439 – 13443 .

Wei, X. F. ; Yang, W. ; Hedenqvist, M. S . Plastic pollution amplified by a warming climate . Nat. Commun. , 2024 , 15 ( 1 ), 2052 .

Rahimi, A. ; García, J. M . Chemical recycling of waste plastics for new materials production . Nat. Rev. Chem. , 2017 , 1 , 46 .

Yang, Z. ; Lü, F. ; Zhang, H. ; Wang, W. ; Shao, L. M. ; Ye, J. F. ; He, P. J . Is incineration the terminator of plastics and microplastics? J. Hazard. Mater. , 2021 , 401 , 123429 .

Ran, H. S. ; Zhang, S. ; Ni, W. Y. ; Jing, Y. X . Precise activation of C―C bonds for recycling and upcycling of plastics . Chem. Sci. , 2024 , 15 ( 3 ), 795 – 831 .

Mitta, H. ; Li, L. F. ; Havaei, M. ; Parida, D. ; Feghali, E. ; Elst, K. ; Aerts, A. ; Vanbroekhoven, K. ; van Geem, K. M . Challenges and opportunities in catalytic hydrogenolysis of oxygenated plastics waste: polyesters, polycarbonates, and epoxy resins . Green Chem. , 2025 , 27 ( 1 ), 10 – 40 .

Wei, R. H. ; Shi, Y. W. ; Zhang, S. B. ; Diao, X. Y. ; Ya, Z. Y. ; Xu, D. ; Zheng, Y. ; Yan, C. X. ; Cao, K. H. ; Ma, Y. D. ; Ji, N . Photocatalytic upgrading of plastic waste into high-value-added chemicals and fuels: advances and perspectives . ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. , 2025 , 13 ( 7 ), 2615 – 2632 .

Gauthier, M. ; Gibson, M. ; Klok, H. A . Synthesis of functional polymers by post-polymerization modification . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2009 , 48 ( 1 ), 48 – 58 .

Williamson, J. B. ; Lewis, S. E. ; Johnson, R. R. Ⅲ, Manning, I. M. ; Leibfarth, F. A . C–H functionalization of commodity polymers . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2019 , 58 ( 26 ), 8654 – 8668 .

Guselnikova, O. ; Semyonov, O. ; Sviridova, E. ; Gulyaev, R. ; Gorbunova, A. ; Kogolev, D. ; Trelin, A. ; Yamauchi, Y. ; Boukherroub, R. ; Postnikov, P . “Functional upcycling” of polymer waste towards the design of new materials . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2023 , 52 ( 14 ), 4755 – 4832 .

陈欢 , 万坤 , 牛波 , 张亚运 , 龙东辉 . 废弃塑料化学回收及升级再造研究进展 . 化工进展 , 2022 , 41 ( 3 ), 1453 – 1469 .

Hu, A. B. ; Zhang, W. J. ; You, Q. L. ; Men, B. ; Liao, G. Y. ; Wang, D. S . A green and low-cost strategy to synthesis of tunable pore sizes porous organic polymers derived from waste-expanded polystyrene for highly efficient removal of organic contaminants . Chem. Eng. J. , 2019 , 370 , 251 – 261 .

Zhang, K. Z. ; Wang, Q. ; Zhou, Y. Q. ; Gao, J. J. ; Li, C. X. ; Jiang, X. M . A low-cost crosslinked polystyrene derived from environmental wastes for adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solution . J. Mol. Liq. , 2020 , 314 , 113641 .

Gatti, G. ; Errahali, M. ; Tei, L. ; Mangano, E. ; Brandani, S. ; Cossi, M. ; Marchese, L . A porous carbon with excellent gas storage properties from waste polystyrene . Nanomaterials , 2019 , 9 ( 5 ), 726 .

Zhang, Y. X. ; Shen, Z. M. ; Yu, Y. F. ; Liu, L. ; Wang, G. X. ; Chen, A. B . Porous carbon derived from waste polystyrene foam for supercapacitor . J. Mater. Sci. , 2018 , 53 ( 17 ), 12115 – 12122 .

Deka, N. ; Barman, J. ; Kasthuri, S. ; Nutalapati, V. ; Dutta, G. K . Transforming waste polystyrene foam into N -doped porous carbon for capacitive energy storage and deionization applications . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 2020 , 511 , 145576 .

Sawada, H. ; Nakayama, M . Synthesis of aromatic compounds containing perfluoro-oxa-alkyl groups . J. Fluor. Chem. , 1991 , 51 ( 1 ), 117 – 129 .

Lewis, S. E. ; Wilhelmy, B. E. ; Leibfarth, F. A . Upcycling aromatic polymers through C―H fluoroalkylation . Chem. Sci. , 2019 , 10 ( 25 ), 6270 – 6277 .

Yeung, C. W. S. ; Loh, W. W. ; Lau, H. H. ; Loh, X. J. ; Lim, J. Y. C . Catalysts developed from waste plastics: A versatile system for biomass conversion . Mater. Today Chem. , 2021 , 21 , 100524 .

Chen, D. ; Xie, Z. F. ; Ye, H. ; Li, W. ; Shi, W. ; Liu, Y. C . Upcycling of expanded polystyrene waste: amination as adsorbent to recover eriochrome black T and Congo red . Sep. Purif. Technol. , 2022 , 289 , 120669 .

Maleki, F. ; Mashhadimoslem, H. ; Ghaemi, A. ; Mir Mohamad Sadeghi, G . Hypercrosslinked waste polymers as adsorbents for O 2 /N 2  separation . Mater. Chem. Phys. , 2022 , 292 , 126779 .

Xue, B. X. ; Huang, P. P. ; Zhu, M. Z. ; Fu, S. Q. ; Ge, J. H. ; Li, X. G. ; Liu, P. N . Highly efficient and para -selective C―H functionalization of polystyrene providing a versatile platform for diverse applications . ACS Macro Lett. , 2022 , 11 ( 11 ), 1252 – 1257 .

Edo, G. I. ; Ndudi, W. ; Ali, A. B. M. ; Yousif, E. ; Zainulabdeen, K. ; Onyibe, P. N. ; Ekokotu, H. A. ; Isoje, E. F. ; Igbuku, U. A. ; Essaghah, A. E. A. ; Ahmed, D. S. ; Umar, H. ; Ozsahin, D. U . Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC): an updated review of its properties, polymerization, modification, recycling, and applications . J. Mater. Sci. , 2024 , 59 ( 47 ), 21605 – 21648 .

Zhang, T. Z. ; Zhou, J. B. ; Chen, Y. ; Li, Y. Q . Ce(Ⅲ) immobilized on aminated poly(vinyl chloride): high-performance synergistic bifunctional acid—base catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyrano [2,3- c ] pyrazoles . Res. Chem. Intermed. , 2018 , 44 ( 9 ), 5329 – 5344 .

Chaisriratanakul, W. ; Bunjongpru, W. ; Pankiew, A. ; Srisuwan, A. ; Jeamsaksiri, W. ; Chaowicharat, E. ; Thornyanadacha, N. ; Pengpad, P. ; Horprathum, M. ; Phromyothin, D . Modification of polyvinyl chloride ion-selective membrane for nitrate ISFET sensors . Appl. Surf. Sci. , 2020 , 512 , 145664 .

Zeng, F. ; Zhang, S. Y. ; Lin, T. ; Li, Y. Q. ; Xiao, M . Copper immobilized on glycine-functionalized poly(vinyl chlolide): low cost, highly active, recyclable catalyst at part-per million level for CuAAC reaction in water . Res. Chem. Intermed. , 2025 , 51 ( 4 ), 1969 – 1987 .

Ouerghui, A. ; Elamari, H. ; Dardouri, M. ; Ncib, S. ; Meganem, F. ; Girard, C . Chemical modifications of poly(vinyl chloride) to poly(vinyl azide) and “clicked” triazole bearing groups for application in metal cation extraction . React. Funct. Polym. , 2016 , 100 , 191 – 197 .

Jia, P. Y. ; Ma, Y. F. ; Feng, G. D. ; Hu, L. H. ; Zhou, Y. H . High-value utilization of forest resources: dehydroabietic acid as a chemical platform for producing non-toxic and environment-friendly polymer materials . J. Clean. Prod. , 2019 , 227 , 662 – 674 .

Massoumi, B. ; Mohammad-Rezaei, R. ; Jaymand, M . Chemical and electrochemical grafting of polyaniline onto poly(vinyl chloride): synthesis, characterization, and materials properties . Polym. Adv. Technol. , 2016 , 27 ( 8 ), 1056 – 1063 .

McCoy, C. P. ; Irwin, N. J. ; Hardy, J. G. ; Kennedy, S. J. ; Donnelly, L. ; Cowley, J. F. ; Andrews, G. P. ; Pentlavalli, S . Systematic optimization of poly(vinyl chloride) surface modification with an aromatic thiol . Eur. Polym. J. , 2017 , 97 , 40 – 48 .

Lu, L. H. ; Kumagai, S. ; Kameda, T. ; Luo, L. G. ; Yoshioka, T . Degradation of PVC waste into a flexible polymer by chemical modification using DINP moieties . RSC Adv. , 2019 , 9 ( 49 ), 28870 – 28875 .

Xu, X. B. ; Zhu, D. A. ; Wang, X. N. ; Deng, L. L. ; Fan, X. Y. ; Ding, Z. Z. ; Zhang, A. ; Xue, G. ; Liu, Y. B. ; Xuan, W. M. ; Li, X. ; Makinia, J . Transformation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) into a versatile and efficient adsorbent of Cu(Ⅱ) cations and Cr(Ⅵ) anions through hydrothermal treatment and sulfonation . J. Hazard. Mater. , 2022 , 423 , 126973 .

Liu, X. ; Yang, F. M. ; Li, M. B. ; Wang, S. B. ; Sun, C. G . From polyvinyl chloride waste to activated carbons: The role of occurring additives on porosity development and gas adsorption properties . Sci. Total Environ. , 2022 , 833 , 154894 .

Brewis, D. M. ; Briggs, D . Adhesion to polyethylene and polypropylene . Polymer , 1981 , 22 ( 1 ), 7 – 16 .

Wencel-Delord, J. ; Glorius, F . C-H bond activation enables the rapid construction and late-stage diversification of functional molecules . Nat. Chem. , 2013 , 5 ( 5 ), 369 – 375 .

Cernak, T. ; Dykstra, K. D. ; Tyagarajan, S. ; Vachal, P. ; Krska, S. W . The medicinal chemist , s toolbox for late stage functionalization of drug-like molecules . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2016 , 45 ( 3 ), 546 – 576 .

Bunescu, A. ; Lee, S. ; Li, Q. ; Hartwig, J. F . Catalytic hydroxylation of polyethylenes . ACS Cent. Sci. , 2017 , 3 ( 8 ), 895 – 903 .

Chen, L. Y. ; Malollari, K. G. ; Uliana, A. ; Sanchez, D. ; Messersmith, P. B. ; Hartwig, J. F . Selective, catalytic oxidations of C―H bonds in polyethylenes produce functional materials with enhanced adhesion . Chem , 2021 , 7 ( 1 ), 137 – 145 .

Zhou, H. B. ; Wang, S. S. ; Huang, H. H. ; Li, Z. Y. ; Plummer, C. M. ; Wang, S. L. ; Sun, W. H. ; Chen, Y. M . Direct amination of polyethylene by metal-free reaction . Macromolecules , 2017 , 50 ( 9 ), 3510 – 3515 .

Plummer, C. M. ; Zhou, H. B. ; Zhu, W. ; Huang, H. H. ; Liu, L. X. ; Chen, Y. M . Mild halogenation of polyolefins using an N-haloamide reagent . Polym. Chem. , 2018 , 9 ( 11 ), 1309 – 1317 .

Zhang, J. P. ; Zhang, F. S . Recycling waste polyethylene film for amphoteric superabsorbent resin synthesis . Chem. Eng. J. , 2018 , 331 , 169 – 176 .

Zhang, Y. J. ; Li, X. P. ; Zhu, W. Q. ; Liu, P. B. ; Ren, J. T. ; Chen, S. T. ; Hu, Y. M. ; Zhou, G. Y . A multi-functional chromone-modified polyethylene obtained by metal-free C–H activation . Polym. Chem. , 2022 , 13 ( 10 ), 1437 – 1445 .

Teo, J. Y. Q. ; Yeung, C. W. S. ; Tan, T. T. Y. ; Loh, W. W. ; Loh, X. J. ; Lim, J. Y. C . Benzaldehyde-mediated selective aerobic polyethylene functionalisation with isolated backbone ketones . Green Chem. , 2022 , 24 ( 16 ), 6287 – 6294 .

Bae, C. ; Hartwig, J. F. ; Boaen Harris, N. K. ; Long, R. O. ; Anderson, K. S. ; Hillmyer, M. A . Catalytic hydroxylation of polypropylenes . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2005 , 127 ( 2 ), 767 – 776 .

Williamson, J. B. ; Na, C. G. ; Johnson, R. R. ; Daniel, W. F. M. ; Alexanian, E. J. ; Leibfarth, F. A . Chemo- and regioselective functionalization of isotactic polypropylene: a mechanistic and structure-property study . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2019 , 141 ( 32 ), 12815 – 12823 .

Zhou, H. B. ; Plummer, C. M. ; Li, H. A. ; Huang, H. H. ; Ma, P. F. ; Li, L. ; Liu, L. X. ; Chen, Y. M . Regioselective post-functionalization of isotactic polypropylene by amination in the presence of N -hydroxyphthalimide . Polym. Chem. , 2019 , 10 ( 5 ), 619 – 626 .

Plummer, C. M. ; Zhou, H. B. ; Li, S. H. ; Zhong, H. ; Sun, Z. Y. ; Bariashir, C. ; Sun, W. H. ; Huang, H. H. ; Liu, L. X. ; Chen, Y. M . A direct functionalization of polyolefins for blend compatibilization by an insertion of 1, 1-bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene (BPSE) . Polym. Chem. , 2019 , 10 ( 24 ), 3325 – 3333 .

Jiang, H. Q. ; Wang, S. D. ; Wang, Y. H. ; Wang, Y. X. ; Li, L. ; Ma, L. ; Cui, D. M. ; Tang, T . Synthesis of long-subchain hyperbranched polypropylene using thermally degraded products as precursor . Macromolecules , 2021 , 54 ( 12 ), 5567 – 5576 .

King, E. R. ; Hunt, S. B. ; Hamernik, L. J. ; Gonce, L. E. ; Wiggins, J. S. ; Azoulay, J. D . Gold-catalyzed post-polymerization modification of commodity aromatic polymers . JACS Au , 2021 , 1 ( 9 ), 1342 – 1347 .

Castillo, G. A. ; Wilson, L. ; Efimenko, K. ; Dickey, M. D. ; Gorman, C. B. ; Genzer, J . Amidation of polyesters is slow in nonaqueous solvents: efficient amidation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in water for generating multifunctional surfaces . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2016 , 8 ( 51 ), 35641 – 35649 .

Lorusso, E. ; Ali, W. ; Leniart, M. ; Gebert, B. ; Oberthür, M. ; Gutmann, J. S . Tuning the density of zwitterionic polymer brushes on PET fabrics by aminolysis: Effect on antifouling performances . Polymers , 2019 , 12 ( 1 ), 6 .

Yuan, X. Z. ; Cho, M. K. ; Lee, J. G. ; Choi, S. W. ; Lee, K. B . Upcycling of waste polyethylene terephthalate plastic bottles into porous carbon for CF 4 adsorption . Environ. Pollut. , 2020 , 265 , 114868 .